Un caso esemplare di comunicazione non verbale balzato agli onori della cronaca è la conversazione tra la Cancelliera tedesca Angela Merkel e il Primo Ministro italiano Giuseppe Conte avvenuta durante la 49a edizione del World Economic Forum a Davos, Svizzera. Fra espressioni del viso, contatto visivo, gestualità, postura fisica, aptica e prossemica, analizziamo tutti gli strumenti della cassetta degli attrezzi di un buon comunicatore. Quali conclusioni possiamo trarre? E in che senso anche noi osservatori ci mettiamo la nostra parte?
I protagonisti sono stati ripresi al bar mentre discutevano della situazione politica italiana, in particolare del ruolo del Premier e della posizione del Governo giallo-verde nei confronti di Francia e Germania.
La conversazione è stata ripresa da Salvatore Gulisano, inviato del programma Piazzapulita di La7, si è svolta in inglese ed è disponibile sul web anche in versione sottotitolata; ma quello che ci interessa qui è il linguaggio che si è svolto a un livello universalmente comprensibile in grado di superare le differenze linguistiche: il linguaggio non verbale.
Nella comunicazione non verbale, come evidenzia lo psicologo sociale Michael Argyle, usiamo le espressioni del viso, il contatto visivo, la gestualità, la postura fisica, l’aptica (cioè il tatto e il contatto) e la prossemica (cioè la gestione dello spazio e delle distanze interpersonali).
Come possiamo vedere nel video integrale del colloquio fra Merkel e Conte disponibile in questo link, la scena si svolge in un bar in un contesto piuttosto informale che sembra essere un dopo-riunione. I due sono poggiati sul bancone davanti a un buffet, e alle loro spalle ci sono quelle che sembrano sicuramente essere delle guardie, una delle quali è anche auricolare-munita.
La postura fisica
Merkel è rivolta con il busto completamente verso il bancone, le braccia appoggiate rigidamente al tavolo, e con la testa rivolta verso il nostro Conte che, al contrario, è semi rivolto verso la Cancelliera. Vista così, senza ulteriori informazioni, la scena sembra suggerire che una Merkel dominante e monolitica stia ascoltando distrattamente le parole di un Conte più ossequioso, riservato, pacato, in una posizione di minore importanza. Sembra che Conte le stia facendo una confidenza, stia chiedendo un suggerimento o parlando di qualcosa di riservato. E’ lei ad avere il coltello dalla parte del manico.
La prossemica
Per quanto riguarda la gestione dello spazio e delle distanze, i due sono vicini perché il bancone è stretto e la sala è affollata, ma si nota un clima di deferenza e chiusura, e non quella complicità che invece è ben visibile in altre fotografie, soprattutto degli incontri ufficiali fra Merkel e Macron.
Le espressioni facciali
inizialmente sono entrambi concentrati, Merkel è in atteggiamento di ascolto mentre Conte appare riflessivo e concentrato. Poi uno scoppio di ilarità di fronte all’uscita di Conte sulla posizione “semplicistica” dei 5 Stelle in politica estera.
Conte dice:
Nella campagna elettorale [del Movimento 5 Stelle] molti nel partito dicono: “Il nostro amico è la Germania e quindi dobbiamo fare la campagna contro la Francia”.
Scoppio di risa.
E la Merkel:
E’ un approccio molto semplicistico!
Il contatto visivo
C’è un gioco di sguardi: i due non si guardano mai vis à vis contemporaneamente; quando l’una osserva, l’altro ha lo sguardo basso, e viceversa. Anche durante lo scoppio di risa, i due si allontanano maggiormente, Conte guarda dietro di sé, Merkel dirige lo sguardo in lontananza.
Sembra che fra due avventori di un pub, nell’imbarazzo di una conversazione nata per caso, ancora non si sia creata empatia. Anzi, guardando la conversazione senza audio, sembra che lei non abbia ancora deciso se conversare un altro po’ oppure rifiutare le attenzioni del “pretendente” e andarsene.
La gestualità e l’aptica
In questo video Merkel rimane immobile, non gesticola, mentre Conte muove sobriamente prima la mano destra – che è quella più vicina alla Merkel – per accompagnare la spiegare della situazione politica italiana. Poi cambia: ora parla del proprio ruolo di “garante” fra gli azionisti di maggioranza del Governo, Di Maio e Salvini;
muove solo la mano sinistra mentre con il braccio destro crea una barriera per formare uno spazio di comfort a sinistra.
All’improvviso, lo scoppio di risa. Ecco! Qui tocca il braccio della Merkel in segno di complicità.
Ok, ma… e quindi?!
Quando il filmato è andato in onda nel corso del programma Piazzapulita i commentatori hanno espresso le proprie opinioni soprattutto in base all’importanza del linguaggio non verbale fra Merkel e Conte. Diverse le interpretazioni della scena: alcuni sostenevano la tesi del completo asservimento di un Giuseppe Conte che si sente in dovere di giustificare la propria presenza al summit. Un comportamento non dovuto, sempre secondo i commentatori, visto che l’Italia è una delle tre maggiori potenze europee.
Altri commentatori, fra cui Peter Gomez del Fatto Quotidiano, hanno sottolineato invece che la Cancelliera tedesca è bassa di statura e quini il Conte per gentilezza si sia sentito in obbligo di “sdraiarsi” su un fianco per mettersi al livello del suo apparato uditivo e poter così interloquire.
La mancanza di informazioni e l’inferenza. ossia: è pericoloso saltare a conclusioni affrettate
A mio parere dovremmo porci in modo più cauto nei confronti del linguaggio non verbale e prenderlo semplicemente come un tassello che ci aiuta a interpretare e dare un senso al puzzle della realtà. E’ uno dei tanti tasselli, non l’unico, che ci danno una mano a costruire il quadro completo.
Occorre anche tenere conto che la gestualità e soprattutto la prossemica variano da persona a persona e da cultura a cultura. In Germania e più ampiamente nell’Europa centro-settentrionale aumentano le distanze interpersonali e diminuisce il contatto fisico fra le persone. La rigidità della Cancelliera potrebbe indicare sì una posizione di potere, ma anche il disagio per la vicinanza fisica obbligata dall’affollamento della sala, lo stesso che avvertiamo quando ci troviamo in un ascensore o un tram sovraccarico.
Infine, non dimentichiamoci che anche noi osservatori giochiamo la nostra parte,
e tendiamo a proiettare le nostre convinzioni e interpretazioni sulla scena che stiamo guardando, “stimando” le informazioni che ci mancano con un processo cognitivo detto di “inferenza”, ossia con una serie di ipotesi che siano coerenti nella nostra mente, ma che potrebbero non corrispondere alla realtà.
Articolo di: Alice Palombarani
Scritto e pubblicato il: 03.02.2019
65 comments On L’importanza della comunicazione non verbale. Il caso Merkel-Conte al Forum di Davos.
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