Al meeting di Rimini il Ministro degli Esteri cita il celebre discorso di Roosevelt. Ma è valido ancora oggi? In che modo i Paesi stanno cooperando contro il terrorismo? Parliamo di questo, e non solo, nell’intervista al Prof. Luca Micheletta.
«Io penso che, di fronte a quello che è successo, la più grande reazione che noi possiamo avere è reagire con un’esplosione di libertà, riaffermando il nostro desiderio di essere liberi». Queste le parole pronunciate da Angelino Alfano il 24 agosto scorso in occasione del meeting di Rimini, in relazione all’attacco terroristico avvenuto a Barcellona.
L’intervento di Alfano al meeting di Rimini continua:
«Il lavoro dei terroristi è esattamente quello di provare a metterci paura, provare a toglierci la libertà, provare a farci cambiare il nostro stile di vita».
Il Ministro prosegue richiamando le parole pronunciate dal presidente statunitense Franklin Delano Roosevelt nel discorso memorabile passato alla storia come il “discorso delle quattro libertà” (libertà di parola e culto, libertà dalla paura e dal bisogno) – qui puoi vedere il filmato. Correva l’anno 1941.
Il pittore e illustratore newyorkese Norman Rockwell dipinse questa serie di quadri ispirandosi alle quattro libertà.
La citazione del Ministro è pertinente al contesto attuale?
L’ho domandato a Luca Micheletta, Professore di Storia delle Relazioni Internazionali, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, La Sapienza.
A suo parere «La situazione attuale è completamente diversa da quella del 1941». Infatti, continua, «parlando di libertà dalla paura Roosevelt intendeva promuovere strumenti per giungere alla sicurezza internazionale e al disarmo. L’obiettivo era l’eliminazione in futuro di minacce come lo era la Germania nazista. Ma la citazione di Roosevelt conserva un suo importante significato politico. Credo che pochi oggi nel mondo occidentale dubitino che un mondo giusto debba fondarsi sulle libertà di parola, di religione e sulla libertà dalla paura e dal bisogno. Sono pienamente d’accordo sul fatto che non possiamo rinunciare al nostro stile di vita, né tantomeno accettare restrizioni alla nostra libertà in cambio di maggiore sicurezza. Un concetto come quello di libertà può nutrirsi di infinite declinazioni, che possono mutare anche secondo i tempi della storia».
Terrorismo e panico: quale il ruolo di esperti e giornalisti?
I giornalisti e gli esperti sono spesso interpellati per spiegare ciò che sta avvenendo, le possibili cause e gli scenari futuri (ne avevo già scritto in un articolo di Occhiaperti Blog sul terrorismo e il ruolo dei giornalisti), hanno il ruolo di elaborare le informazioni, metabolizzarle e diffondere la conoscenza: le loro risposte e il loro atteggiamento, soprattutto in televisione, influenzano l’opinione pubblica.
Quale ruolo hanno esperti e giornalisti, secondo lei, nel parlare di terrorismo?
Secondo Luca Micheletta, «parlare di terrorismo non è differente dal parlare di altri temi ugualmente importanti per la società». E continua: «Penso che i cittadini abbiano il diritto di essere pienamente informati su tutto e soprattutto di esserlo in modo corretto. Questo è un dovere sia per le istituzioni che per coloro i quali, per competenza o professione, comunicano con i cittadini».
A seguito di questi attacchi improvvisi alle città europee, secondo lei vi è il rischio della nascita di un’ondata di panico, e di prendere provvedimenti dettati più dalla “pancia” che dal ragionamento? «Non mi pare che vi siano, fortunatamente, ondate di panico. Penso al contrario che le nostre società stiano reagendo di fronte al fenomeno terroristico molto compostamente».
La cooperazione fra Paesi europei contro il terrorismo: quali punti di forza e di debolezza?
L’attentato a Barcellona ci fa riflettere sulla Difesa italiana ed europea (per approfondire, leggi questo articolo sulla Difesa militare italiana che scrissi con un’intervista al Prof. Valigi, docente di Studi Strategici). Professor Micheletta, a suo parere come possono cooperare i Paesi europei per fronteggiare gli attacchi terroristici? «L’Unione europea offre numerosi strumenti di cooperazione: la clausola di solidarietà contenuta nell’art. 222 del 
Trattato sul funzionamento dell’Unione Europea (ovvero l’obbligo di assistenza reciproca tra gli Stati europei in caso di attacco terroristico), la fitta cooperazione in materia di polizia e giudiziaria (Europol e EuroJust) che permette alle forze dell’ordine e alla magistratura nazionali di svolgere indagini congiunte in materia di criminalità transnazionale e ovviamente anche di terrorismo. Esistono, ad esempio, dei database di persone ritenute pericolose costantemente aggiornate dalle autorità nazionali».
Qual è un punto di criticità, se ce n’è uno, del modo in cui i Paesi UE stanno cooperando? «Rimane certamente molto da fare nell’ambito della cooperazione per la sicurezza: è noto che lo scambio di informazioni di intelligence è spesso parziale ed è frenato da reciproche e persistenti diffidenze. Non dimentichiamo che l’Europa è fatta di Stati nazionali che, in molte e fondamentali materie, sono ancora sovrani e gelosi delle proprie prerogative. Ma dobbiamo anche essere consapevoli che oggi vi è un livello di cooperazione tra gli Stati europei mai raggiunto prima nella storia».
Gli attacchi alle capitali europee, a che pro?
Il mirino dei terroristi è puntato sulle grandi capitali europee: infatti sono state colpite città come Londra, Bruxelles, Parigi. E adesso Barcellona. Secondo Luca Micheletta, il motivo è che «in tutti questi paesi, per motivi storici, ci sono comunità islamiche numericamente molto consistenti. E sappiamo che i terroristi che hanno colpito sono molto spesso nati e cresciuti in Europa o sono suoi cittadini». Tuttavia esclude che vi siano luoghi che possano ritenersi al sicuro da possibili attacchi terroristici, basti pensare a Stati Uniti, a Russia «dove i terroristi hanno colpito la metropolitana di San Pietroburgo nell’aprile scorso», Turchia, Canada, Africa e Asia, zone che «sono interessate da conflitti o da perdurante instabilità». E conclude: «Anche il terrorismo, insomma, mi pare un fenomeno “globale”, che può essere sconfitto solo con l’intensificazione della cooperazione da parte della comunità internazionale».
Articolo di: Alice Palombarani
Scritto e pubblicato il: 14/09/2017
Immagine di copertina tratta dal profilo Twitter di Angelino Alfano.
66 comments On Attacco a Barcellona: Alfano cita il “discorso delle 4 libertà” di Roosevelt
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